VCE(sat)cap V sub cap C cap E open paren s a t close paren end-sub ), typically 0.05V to 0.2V, remains across the terminals.
Beyond generation, transistors refine the "quality" of pulses: Transistors in Pulse Circuits
The transistor acts as a closed switch (short circuit). Both junctions are forward-biased, and maximum current flows from the collector to the emitter. A small voltage drop ( VCE(sat)cap V sub cap C cap E open
The "deep" logic of a transistor in a pulse circuit relies on transitioning rapidly between two non-linear states: typically 0.05V to 0.2V
Uses two cross-coupled transistor inverters with capacitors to create a "self-excited" oscillation. The capacitors alternately charge and discharge, causing the transistors to flip-flop between ON and OFF states without an external trigger, generating a continuous square wave.