: Both parents must have official clearances for hip and elbow dysplasia, typically through the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) or PennHIP . Genetic testing for Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is also a standard requirement.

: Ethical breeders prove their dogs’ physical and mental soundness through titles in conformation (show) or sports like Schutzhund/IGP .

A responsible breeder prioritizes the health and stability of the breed over profit or trends. Key ethical indicators include:

: Highly regulated for health and temperament; often considered the best choice for family companions and service work.